The plight of migrant workers

Introduction:The wise saying goes, ‘The writer sees, what the Sun can not see.’’(Proverb) If that writer happens to be a photojournalist, his products are going to be nearer to the reality. This is the strength of the book of David Bacon. Of the four factors of production, Land, Labor Capital and Organization, it is known that the Labor occupies the first position, because without it, the other three are rendered idle.In the context of globalization of all segments of economic and profit-generating activities, agriculture too occupies the prominent place. The labor requirement in this area is vast, and it needs to be employed at the right time, depending upon the timings of the harvesting and marketing of the crops. How do the migrant workers plough their lives, what are the problems that confront them and what is the solution?The harsh realities of migrant experience†¦The materialistic civilization, industrial and internet revolution have made the concept of globalization a reality, without world leaders formally announcing the same. The economic compulsions are such, something tangible is happening all over the world in the industrial and agricultural sectors, without anyone making efforts for it ‘actually.’ Transnational communities are being formed in the natural course, because of the common economic and survival interests and aspirations of such labor force.This has happened all along the northern road from Guatemala, via Mexico and far into the United States. Douglas Bacon is eminently suited to do the task of writing this book, for he is thrice-blessed—being the journalist, the photographer, and a trade union leader and labor organizer.(Ahn, 2004) With the might of his pen, and the click of the flashgun of the camera, he gives the picture of the real life of the migrant labors working for plenty and prosperity of others to a great extent, and their individual prosperity to some extent.Workers move and become part of the migrant work-force, not because they want to move, but because someone somewhere is willingly and anxiously waiting for them. Undocumented immigrants far outnumber the documented immigrants. (Ahn, 2004)US border policy treats them in an unjust manner, labeling them as an aggregation of individuals.Immigration policy on such block of immigrants demands special attention and policy guidelines, to properly accept them into the mainstream of the society, because they are contributing to the welfare of that society. These great dramas of borderlands create new issues time and again.   Their combined work output is definitely contributing to the movement of giant wheels of agriculture production to fulfill the food requirements of the Nation. The labor movements are both for survival and for further improvement of working conditions to secure stable life, without uncertainties and anxieties.Agriculture:1. The obstacles the migrant workers face, their thoughts about their hom eland, and their plans for building a better life:The number of migrant workers in USA runs into millions. They are available for all types of work related to agriculture, like planting, weeding, harvesting and packing. Their contribution is basic and fundamental, but in return, they don’t get what they deserve. Their income is less than $7,500 an year. (Ahn, 2004)The working conditions are dangerous from the point of view of health, for they have to toil in the hot fields below the hotter sun, they handle  Ã‚   not too safe farm equipments, the ill effects of physical exposure to herbicides, chemical fertilizers and poisonous pesticides do serious damage to their health.â€Å"Often we went into the fields barefoot,† remembers Jorge Giron, from the Mixtec town of Santa Maria Tindu, who now lives in Fresno. His wife, Margarita, recalls that in the labor camp â€Å"the rooms were made of cardboard, and you could see other families through the holes. When you had to re lieve yourself, you went in public because there were no bathrooms. You would go behind a tree or tall grass and squat. People bathed in the river and further down others would wash their clothes and drink. A lot of people came down with diarrhea and vomiting.† The strikes, they say, forced improvements. (Bacon, 2005)2. In what way do the members of these communities face ethnic and racial discrimination?The main problem of the migrant workers is their status. Since they are illegal entrants, the worry of their clandestine stay bothers them during 24 hours in a day. Their number is more than 52% of the total workforce. (Ahn, 2004) They move like caravans, depending upon the requirements in a particular area.This affects their lifestyle adversely, because they live in temporary houses, in congested areas where sanitation facilities are too poor. Some spend their nights in their cars or dusted fields; under temporary structures.   They work even when they are sick, for the med ical facilities are poor, one is afraid to ask for them for the fear of losing wages, or even the job. In case of prolonged illness, the chances of being deported are certain.Long periods of absence from homeland and the denial of the association of near and dear ones, lead to depression in many cases. Since the job is temporary and without any perquisites, they remain engulfed in a sense of insecurity. They live under compulsion, for they have to support their family members in a distant land, who are expecting their remittances month after month. Migrant workers with the family, face another problem of education of their children, as they have to constantly shift from one school to another.The children are brought up in uncertain and poor conditions and they develop a sense of inferiority complex. The racial and ethnic problems though not there legally, yet in the day to day dealings, they show their presence. â€Å"Labor organizing was part of the mix here too. In 1993 FIOB bega n collaboration with the United Farm Workers. â€Å"We recognized the UFW was a strong union representing agricultural workers,† Dominguez explains. â€Å"They recognized us as an organization fighting for the rights for indigenous migrants.†But it was an uneasy relationship. Mixtec activists felt that UFW members often exhibited the same discriminatory attitudes common among Mexicans back home toward indigenous people. Fighting racism in Mexico, however, had prepared them for this. According to Rivera Salgado, â€Å"the experience of racism enforces a search for cultural identity to resist [and] creates the possibility of new forms of organization and action.†(Bacon, 2005)3. What kinds of organizations have they formed to protect themselves?Cezar Chavez founded the United Farm Workers Union and the farm workers stand up for their rights. His pressure tactics made the growers sign the contract, which protected worker’s interests. Laws are being framed one after another, but these have proved to be laws designed for exploitation. For every provision of the law for protecting the interests of the workers, the legal brains of the employers find an escape route. â€Å"Labor shortages caused by World War II resulted in the 1942 U.S./Mexico Bracero Program. Bracero contracts ranged from one to six months, and employers were required to provide food and housing, pay local wage rates, cover medical expenses, and provide transportation between Mexico and the farm.These clauses, however, were rarely enforced and growers routinely exploited Braceros by shorting the hours they worked or changing the rate of pay once the work was completed.†(Ahn, 2004) With strong protests from the labor, the Bracero Program was terminated in 1964.United Farm Workers Union of America (UDW) is credited with securing improvement in the working conditions of California farm workers and now the workers have the legal mandate of access to faucets, toilets and cold drinking water. But the Unions face a peculiar problem. They don’t get the necessary support from the workers. Less than 10 percent of all strawberry workers are unionized.(Ahn, 2004)At the National level, there are several organizations fighting for the rights of the workers. Some of them are the Coalition of Immokalee Workers in Florida, Farm Labor Organizing Committee in North Carolina etc.4. How does their position in American society compare with the civil rights struggles of other groups we have studied?The Civil Rights Struggle is a broad struggle, having national and international repercussions. The problem of migrant worker is a â€Å"struggle within the struggle.†(Own)   Rights for the workers are the consequential action to the Civil Rights struggle. Now that the civil rights issues are settled legally, it is time that the government pays sincere attention to the plight of the migrant workers, so it does not turn out to be an issue like the issue of s lavery in disguise.Conclusion:Unfortunately in USA, democracy and capitalism have joined hands to give a free reign to exploitation and the workers are at the receiving ends. What to talk about those illegal migrant workers. They are like smuggled goods liable to be confiscated by the Government at any time. Some tangible steps need to be taken to reconcile these good ideals. USA has tried combinations and permutations, by placing emphasis on one or the other ideal. The problem of migrant workers is mainly the human problem, apart from the one that of legal and economic.The concept by the workers that the Management is the sworn enemy and they must be a war with it always, is wrong. Similarly, the Management needs to have the humane approach. The thought process both the parties need to change. Then only their action process will also change. So, when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed.References Cited:Ahn, Christine, Article: Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy | For Land †¦Workers Without Rights in American Agriculture, (2004)†¦Bacon, David (Author), Carlos, Jr. Munoz (Foreword), Douglas Harper (Foreword) Book: Communities without Borders: Images and Voices from the World of MigrationPaperback: 235 pagesPublisher: ILR Press; 1 edition (October 2006)Language: EnglishISBN-10: 0801473071ISBN-13: 978-0801473074Proverb: Source anonymousOwn: This symbol is my own creation.Bacon, David: Article: Communities Without Borders (David Bacon);The Nation: October 2005 issue.

Differences Between Mitigation and Preparedness

Part I What are the primary differences between Mitigation and Preparedness? Research and describe three examples of each. The United States experiences a variety of natural disasters throughout the year. Because of hurricanes on the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico coasts, earthquakes near the San Andreas and other fault lines, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes in the plains, and floods throughout the Midwest, the United States suffers approximately $1 billion in losses each week. From 1990-93, losses surpassed those during the previous decade, mainly due to Hurricane Andrew, the Midwest and Northwest floods, and the Northridge Earthquake.Regardless of the location of a natural disaster in the United States, a program of disaster preparedness, mitigation, management, and prevention must be followed. (McMillan, 1998) Disasters can be described as a cycle with three phases, BEFORE, DURING and AFTER.The â€Å"BEFORE† phase is that period of time before a disaster hits, includin g the time when a warning and/or alert is announced, during which preparation and mitigation activities may take place, with the objective of decreasing people’s vulnerability and reducing the negative impacts of disasters.The â€Å"DURING† phase is that period of time during which lives and livelihoods are at risk and lasts until the danger is over.The â€Å"AFTER† phase is the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase, after the immediate danger has past, when people and communities put their lives, livelihoods, and homes back together. This paper will concentrate on the BEFORE phase with mitigation and preparedness in this section. According to Bullock, mitigation refers to the continued action taken to reduce or eliminate risk to people and property from hazards and their effects.Mitigation activities address either the probability and consequence or both components of risk. By mitigating either of these components, the risk becomes much less of a threat to th e affected population. In the case of natural disasters, the ability of humans to limit the probability of a hazard is widely dependent on the hazard type. Hazards such as hurricanes or tornadoes are impossible to prevent while avalanches, floods, and wildfires are examples of hazards for which limiting the rate of occurrence is possible. (Bullock, 2013)A natural disaster has the potential to cause unseen physical and psychological damage, damage that could be lessened with some preparation if you’re in an area that is vulnerable to a destructive act of nature. All disasters offer their own unique challenges and have different ways to mitigate them before they happen. For example: Tsunami Mitigation:Find out if your house is in danger and know the height of your street above sea levelBe familiar with warning signs (earthquakes, ground rumbling, or rapid rise and fall of coastal waters)Ensure all family members know how to respond Teach children how and when to call 9-1-1Have disaster supplies on hand (flashlight, extra batteries, portable battery-operated radio, first aid kit, emergency food and water, nonelectric can operator, cash and credit cards, and sturdy shoesDevelop an emergency communications plan in case of separation during the earthquake Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to serve as the family contact. (Ready. ov)Tornado Mitigation:Conduct tornado drills into each seasonDesignate an area in the home as a shelterHave disaster supplies on handDevelop an emergency communications plan in case of separationKnow the difference between a tornado watch (issued when tornadoes are possible in your area) and a warning (tornadoes have been sighted by radar)Take shelter in a building with a strong foundation If shelter is not available, lie in ditch or low-lying area a safe distance away from the mobile homeLearn danger signs: An approaching cloud of debris an make the location even if a funnel is not visible, before a tornado hits, the wind may die down and the air may become still, and generally occur near the edge of a thunderstorm; you can often see clear skies following a tornado. (Ready. gov)Wildfire Mitigation:Learn and teach safe fire practices Build fires away from nearby trees or bushes, always have a way to extinguish a fire, never leave a fire unattendedObtain local building codes and weed abatement ordinances for buildings near wooded areasUse fire-resistant materials when building, renovating, or retrofitting structuresCreate a safety zone to separate home from combustible plants and vegetablesInstall electrical lines underground, if possible Prune all branches around residence to a height of 8-10 feetKeep trees adjacent to buildings free of dead or dying wood and mossRemove all dead limbs, needles, and debris from rain guttersStore combustible/flammable materials in approved safety containers and keep away from homeKeep chimney cleanAvoid open burning, especially during dry season.Install smoke detectors on ever y level of your homeMake evacuation plans from home and neighborhood and have back up plansAvoid using wooden shakes and shingles for roofing Use only thick, tempered safety glass in large windows and doorsHave a disaster supplies on handDevelop an emergency communication plan in case of separationAsk an out-of-state relative to serve as the â€Å"family contact† (ready. gov)Preparing for an emergency provides you your best chance of survival, in the event of a natural disaster or terrorist attack. Emergency preparedness should always be considered in the home and workplace for any unexpected event.Devastating acts, such as Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Katrina, and the 9/11 attacks have left concerns about the possibility of future events and their potential impact. These acts have raised out awareness of the importance of emergency preparedness. The 2004 National Response Plan defines Preparedness as â€Å"the range of deliberate, critical tasks and activities necessary to bu ild, sustain, and improve the operational capability to prevent, protect against, response to, and recover from domestic incidents.Preparedness is a continuous process involving efforts at all levels of government and between government and private-sector and nongovernmental organizations to identify threats, determine vulnerabilities, and identify resources. † (NRP 71). In simple terms, preparedness activities can be characterized as the human component of pre-disaster hazard management. Training and public education are the most common preparedness activities, and when properly applied, they have great potential to help people survive disasters.Although, preparedness activities do little to prevent a disaster from occurring, they are very effective at ensuring that people know what to do once the disaster has happened. (Bullock, 2013) While, preparedness is the steps taken to deal with an event once it occurs, mitigation is the steps taken to eliminate or reduce the risks cr eated by hazards. Previously, mitigation factors were discussed for wildfire, tornado, and tsunami. Some examples of a preparedness activity is to create an emergency communications plan, establishing meeting places, and assemble disaster supplies or a 72hour emergency preparedness kit.When creating an emergency communications plan choose an out-of-town contact your family will call or e-mail to check on each other should a disaster occur. They should live far enough away that they would not be directly affected by the same event, and of course they should know they are the contact. Also, make sure every member has all have each other’s contact information to include email, cell phone, and home/work phone. The children’s school should have this contact information as well. Another, thing to remember is to be patient as with a disaster the phone lies will get overwhelmed.Having predetermined meeting places away from your home will save time and minimize confusion should your home be affected or the area evacuated. Make arrangements to stay with a family member or friend in case of an emergency. Be sure to include your pets in these plans, since pets are not permitted in shelters and some hotels will not accept them as they are just as much a part of the family as anyone else. Have two emergency locations, each in opposite directions. You never know, until an actual emergency, which direction you will need to evacuate.If you need to leave your home having some essential supplies at your disposal will make it more comfortable for the family. Prepare an emergency preparedness kit in something easy-to-carry such as a duffel bag or small plastic trashcan. Include â€Å"special needs† items, first aid supplies (i. e. prescription medications), a change of clothing for each family member, a sleeping bag or bedroll for each, a battery powered radio or television and extra batteries, food, bottled water and tools. (NTARC, 2012) In conclusion, mitiga tion and preparedness are very important with respects of a disaster response and recover.Just think of in this manner to put everything into perspective. In order to give your family and yourself the best chances of survival during a disaster you must to have a plan in place and think of all the factors that you can do before hand to minimize the impact of a disaster. Like we do in the Navy, before we pull out to sea we have a very big checklist that we adhere to and list all the factors that can go wrong then brief a response to those factors. This will ensure everyone knows his or her responsibility. It saves lives and promotes a safety first environment.Being proactive is the key to minimizing the loss of human life, injuries, financial losses, property damage and the interruption of business activities. Methods my change between hazards and incidents, but the goals are always the same.ReferencesBullock, J. A. , Haddow, G. D. , & Coppla, D. P. (2013).Introduction to homeland sec urity. (4th ed. ).Waltham, MA: Butterworth-heinemann. Department of Homeland Security. (Nov 2004).National Response Plan, Washington D. C. , DHS Department of Homeland Security (November 9, 2012).Ready. Gov. Retrieved November 9, 2012 from http://www. ready. gov/america/index. html McMillian, C. R. (1998).Natural disasters: prepare, mitigate, manage. Retrieved from http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/archives/ndht. php Peace Corps (Sep 2001).Disaster preparation and mitigation. Retrieved From http://files. peacecorps. gov/multimedia/pdf/library/T0124_dpm_ist. pdfNational Terror Alert Response Center (2012), Emergency preparedness. Retrieved from http://www. nationalterroralert. com/emergency_preparedness/

Philosophy Term Paper: Abortion

Philosophy Term Paper Sometimes problems of mental disability and illness arise within a fetus during human development. Questions arise whether or not those fetuses should live or not (abortion). I believe that they do have a right to live. No one can play God and decided whether or not a being should live. We cannot judge whether or not a person is going to be mentally ill or not. We do not know the full potential of that person and we cannot predict whether or not he will always stay mentally challenged. How do we know that person will not get better? How do we know that he really is mentally disabled? We have no right to take a life because we THINK that we may be are helping that individual by not bringing him into a life of hardship and complication. This can be compared to â€Å"ending the misery† of an old person because we think he is pain. This is absurd and wrong. I believe that the double effect principle is not in accordance to the catholic natural law. The catholic natural law states that evil may not be done that good come of it. This means that you can never have something good come out from something evil. Hence, if the double effect states that it is ok to take the life of the baby to save the life of the mother, we are saying it is ok to kill the baby to save the mother; even though killing a person is unjustifiable. This goes against the natural law because the natural law says there is no good from something evil. So, if killing a person is evil there is nothing good that could come out of it. This is why the two ideas are not accordance. In fact, they are completely contradictory- one justifies the abortion and the other doesn’t. 3) I do agree with the both of his principles because he assumes the zygote and whatever comes after it a form of human life and will potentially becomes a person. Devine describes humanity as stages. The way kids turn into adolescent, adolescent into adult, adult into elder. This can also imply that there is development before infancy from zygote to fetus. This is a link in the stages of humanity that philosophers mention of. Also, people do not realize how the infant is the same person in and out the mother’s tomb. The mother gives a name to the fetus and talks about him/her. She treats the fetus as if it was outside the womb, becoming attached to the baby. Looking at these to principles we can see why Devine talks about abortion as murder. We see the zygote being a link in the chain of humanity and the way it is perceived as an infant before delivery. Unless there is a reason for the abortion (mother’s health), abortion should be considered murder. ) 5) Warren states that the first two are enough to prove that a fetus is not a person, justifying the abortion. She expands her claim not only to infants but also to, â€Å"a man or woman whose consciousness has been permanently obliterated but who remains alive is a human being which is no longer a person; defective human beings with no appreciable mental capacity, are not and presumably never will be people; and a fetus is a human being whic h is not yet a person, and which therefore cannot coherently be said to have moral rights. So, not only does she deduce the fact that fetuses are not a person, but also the mentally challenged and ill. Warren also keeps in mind that the attributes that are relevant in determining whether or not moral rights are no different from those which are relevant. Hence, if there is signs of brain activity and resemblance this is not enough to prove the fetus as a person, justifying abortion. 6) To prove his point, he talks about how human cells are present but they lack the structure of a human organism. True human life is only recognizable to about three weeks and primitive brain function does not begin until about the eighth week. He also mentions how twins are not formed until the fourteenth day after conception. Since it takes two weeks to form twins, how can there be a soul in the beginning of conception and then divide into twins; you cannot divide the soul in half for each twin. For this reason I do not believe that the soul is put into the human zygote after conception. When after conception I do not know.

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journals - Essay Example Initially, you would think about it as a direct compliment to the writer's mistress considering the words being used; nevertheless, it went unflatteringly to the mistress. What's pleasing about the reading is how the visual aspect of the sonnet is complemented by the words and the Rhyme scheme used. Also, it is interesting how the writer referenced other poets in the past and used their work to parody its thoughtlessness and predictability. I am particularly drawn to the writer’s satire over the hyperbole of the allusions used in conventional poetries. The writer’s mock over these representations expresses his strong dissent on comparing two entities unfairly; it is one-sided in a sense that one is being fooled or belied [Student’s Last Name] 2 (the mistress) and one remains stationary (the natural entities) - not having to feel all these predictabilities because they are lifeless. This disagreement suggests that the writer feels it’s not fair to resemble one's affection with things that are beyond reality; unfathomable notions. The reading taught me how to appreciate other people for who they are. Also, it taught me to become more realistic and always strive to evade disproving statements that may cause pain to someone, especially those who are close to me. Journal Entry 2: â€Å"Daddy† by Sylvia Plath (Chapter 19) Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Daddy† demonstrates a rather difficult and complicated concept. She integrates her personal life with some historical, religious, and psychological themes. This rare combination created a piece of art that opens up for manifold interpretations. The poem depicts a story of a girl who suffers from the memory left by her father who passed away. What is most interesting about the poem is its autobiographical tone. It relates to the personal life of Sylvia Path. There are passages of the story that suggest range of how his father’s memory affected her. In the poem it goes  "At twenty I tried to die. And get back, back, back to you. I thought even the bones would do.† It shows how desperate she is to be with her father’s company once again. The poem also includes the life she had with her husband. She describes her husband as a vampire; someone who destroyed her life. She writes: if I've killed one man, I've killed two- The vampire who said he was you; and drank my blood for a year. Probably, the most telling part of the poem is how it goes consistently with her life, which asserts the autobiographical tone of the piece. Journal Entry 3: â€Å"Metaphors† by Sylvia Plath (Chapter 19) One particular reason why this reading is quite puzzling and difficult to decipher is the [Student’s Last Name] 3 fact that it uses metaphors to indirectly and ambiguously make connection with its underlying meaning. Of course, given that most poems have unclear or implied context, it makes it more difficult to understand. The poem shows how cunni ng and complicated Sylvia Plath's poetry is. It prevents the ease of resorting to visual interpretations of the mind to easily understand the poem. Even more, it uses metaphors that are uncommonly, unexpectedly relatable to the intended meaning of the poem. The poem depicts pregnancy. I love the way Sylvia presented her ideas by being more creative. There are

PTSD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PTSD - Essay Example Biological Basis of PTSD Some researchers suggest that there is a biological basis for PTSD but others are not sure whether there is a connection or not. According to Moisse (2011) a new study has shown that there is some type of biological connection. According to the new study, researchers had previously found that there is a connection between a hormone-like molecule called PACAP and the brain's ability to respond to stress. The researchers checked the PACAP levels and found that they were higher in people with PTSD. The challenge for this research was that this connection related only to women. These researchers also looked at how PACAP impacted fear in women. They found that a genetic encoding called PAC1 was more present in women who had PTSD and high levels of PACAP, also had this gene which is a gene that responds to estrogen. The researchers believe that this is a first step I helping find a way to predict who will get PTSD (Moisse, 2011). According to Howard and Crandall (2 007) the systems that are most used in PTSD are the autonomic system and the sympathetic systems. The autonomic system regulates the basic body systems without us thinking about it. The sympathetic system controls the handles our reaction to the "fight or flight" condition while the parasympathetic system works on physical symptoms like slowing the heart down, stimulating digestion and constricting the pupils of the eyes. The hippocampus of the brain remains in a state of "high alert" so that it can bring the body into a familiar state of what happened in similar threats from the past. In so doing, it will also overproduce the hormone, cortisol along with other "neuro-excitatory transmitters" and hippocampal cells will "degenerate and eventually die" (Trappler, 2010, p. 1). The brain and the other symptoms react very quickly as the individual is having a PTSD experience. The Video Reaction to Stress In the video, The Soldier's Heart many soldiers spoke about how they reacted to stre ss. It was clear that not only were their physical reactions to stress but also psychological ones. Many soldiers spoke about the physical symptoms of seeing things or hearing things that were not in their present life. They also spoke about becoming angry, depressed and attempting to ignore what they were feeling. Once soldier talked about crying uncontrollably and spending times just staring into space. The psychological aspects of PTSD were more devastating for the soldiers in the video because they were not allowed to talk about them. They stated that the military expects them to be able to handle what happened to them without assistance from counseling. The challenge is that many soldiers saw people die in front of them or had to kill people they did not know. These soldiers who were in Iraq stated that they found themselves drinking more frequently and drinking more alcohol than was normal for them, not wanting to be around people and talking more about Iraq to anyone who woul d listen. These psychological issues often created more challenges for them as they went through their lives. One soldier committed suicide by hanging himself with a garden hose because of his feelings about killing an innocent Iraqi woman. The challenge for the military is that up until recently, they were not doing anything to treat

Integration and Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integration and Reflection - Essay Example At the other end of the processing in ECKART, are the thinnest pigments with an OD of 0.6 which is dark metallic in physical appearance (Dopke, 2007). These metals and chemicals are harmful to human health. Employees who work in ECKART department may be exposed to these potential harmful metals, pigment and chemicals. The main threat to employees in ECKART division of Altana Company is association with exposure to cadmium. This metal has been extensively studied, and its effects on human healthy have been reviewed for several times by international bodies such as WHO. Cadmium appears naturally in ore together with copper, zinc and lead. Cadmium compounds function as stabilizers in several alloys, PVC products, color pigment and presently commonly, in re-chargeable nickel-cadmium batteries (Dopke, 2007). Inhalations of cadmium particles are life threatening, and even though deaths and acute pulmonary effects are rare, sporadic scenarios still happen. As a result of high cadmium exposure, employees in ECKART may experience kidney damage or kidney failure. The first sign of the renal lesion is a tubular malfunction, evidenced by an up surged excretion of low enzymes or proteins. From research carried out this disorder is reversible; however, there are overwhelming confirmations that cadmium prompted tubular is indeed irreversible. In other words working in ECKART depart of Altana Company is extremely dangerous to its employees. Working under such condition can be dangerous; however the employees of Altana are adequately informed of the risks. Altana management body through environment, health and safety organizations (EHS), not only does it teach employees the role of chemicals production method, but also encourage them to attend Company-mandated education events (Dopke, 2007). These events are held every three months. In these meetings the management body addresses topics such as dangerous substances, and hazardous waste, and occupational

A Plague Upon Us Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Plague Upon Us - Assignment Example First of all, it is very important to identify the primary case and find out the where the disease started from. This can be done by studying the epidemiological statistics of the affected areas such the number of people affected and the mortality rate. Also, it very important here to understand the Ice Berg phenomenon which helps identify cases with no signs and symptoms. It is also important identify those at risk e.g. family, close relatives and those who have been in contact with the affected patients. It is important to identify the causative agent of the disease, find out its incubation period and quarantine those at risk atleast for the incubation period of the disease. Development of a vaccine just in case a patient comes to US carrying the disease and causes an epidemic. Blood, Urine, stool and sputum sample of the affected patients should be studied to find out the causative agent and develop proper medications against it. Also, finding the vector and eradicating it in the country is necessary to avoid an epidemic in the

Sensitivity to climate change for two reptiles at the Mojave Assignment

Sensitivity to climate change for two reptiles at the Mojave - Assignment Example In order to realize a more predictable niche space he holds terrain and soil variables constant as he varies the climatic variables in a contrast of increasing temperature and decreasing level of precipitation. Recent research has underlined the need to do thorough climatic change predictions. These predictions will help in knowing and anticipating for the undesirable impact on the biodiversity. C. W Barrows uses this model and in an endeavour brings out some comparison and contrasts between these two species of reptiles. Though they inhabit the same niche, Gopherus agassizii and the common lizard Sauromalus ater present some differences in their elevations and their food dietary. For instance, Sauromalus ater thrive well between an elevation of o to 1830m and a diet which cuts across perennial plants. Their counterparts, Gopherus agassizii thrive well in elevations between o and 1120m. Despite these differences in elevations, there are similarities in their capabilities to live long, their ectothermal definitions and their perennial vegetarian diet. In a conclusive approach, the survival of these two species largely depends on their abilities to adapt to the changing climatic conditions. Under the guidance of the formulated objective to examine the eminent shifts in habitat for the two species of reptiles, Barrow tries to identify the behavioral and psychological changes adopted by this species as a result of the climate stress. Through these responses and some other mechanisms the reptiles manage to exhibit some differential survival within a certain refugium. C.W. Barrows adopts the following methods and materials in an endeavour to unveil the above mentioned mechanisms and responses. The study area is identified and confined to a 679,585 ha area that includes Joshua Tree National Park and a 10 km buffer that surrounds the Park’s boundary. He also successfully did the niche modeling using the Mahalanobis D2 statistical tool.

Racism and classism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Racism and classism - Essay Example According to Memmi, the world of the colonizers enjoys the enormous privilege, from economic to social issues, while the colonized suffer all the colonialism injustices, from racism to sexism. The book quotes Cecil Rhodes on his comment concerning land and niggers (the blacks) to highlight the colonial issue of racism. Arguably, all stereotypical colonialism undermines the colonized race with dark and brutal methods of governance. The philosophical definition of racism, with emphasis on the suffix –ism, is the belief that the primary determinant of capabilities of humans is based on their race. With this perception, therefore, the colonists viewed the colonized as a weaker race who would work under them. The author thus expresses the opinion that the colonized do not exist individually, but rather as a mass in the eyes of the colonialists. This creates the concept of classism, where the colonizers set a different social class for themselves, and a much lower one for the coloni zed. In essence, classism entails the systematic oppression of minority, or weaker groups to strengthen dominant groups. ... of power for the enforced the colonizers’ language, thus, the native tongues were neither written nor read, rusting in the course of the colonialism (Sartre 20). The result was an uprising against the colonial rule that contributed to the re-instatement of the culture, religion, and tradition of the native society. According to him, revolt is the only solution to end the brutality of dictatorship and resolve the contradiction of the oppressed and the oppressor. The chapters in the book that contain arguments on the colonized are free of debate to a certain degree, but the earlier sections concern the literature on the colonizer is scathing. Despite writing the book from personal experience in North Africa, Memmi believes that there is no middle ground fro Europeans. According to him, all the Europeans in all the colonies are de fact colonizers and either all of them will return to Europe (at the time) or will ultimately become colonizers themselves (Sartre 22). It is true that the Europeans were enjoying privileges not similar to the colonized; it does not conclusively mean that all of them were upholding or supporting the colonial system. In contrast, there were certain minority colonial outposts that supported the colonized liberation efforts, thus, opposing the rule of the mother country. In one of his quotes, Memmi says, â€Å"the entire weight of the Europeans perpetuates the colonial oppression, whether intentional or otherwise†. This argument is ancient, similar to stating that all the people in the Western nations support and benefit from oppression of poorer, which is simply incorrect. Later in the book, the author contradicts his earlier stand by stating that Europeans who originate elsewhere other than the colonizing country are neither colonizers or

Exams questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Exams questions - Essay Example This was interpreted by some commentators as the Jihadists’ way of warning Australia and deterring it in collaborating with the United States. But unfortunately, the message was ignored by the Australian government, putting its citizens at ever greater risk. Bali might not be officially Australian soil, but with the organization and skill with which the Islamic militants operate, it might not be long before Australia is made to pay for its ill advised alliance with imperialists further north (Abuza, 2003, p.170). With the apparent failure of its participation in the War of Terror campaign, the policy makers in Canberra should also remind themselves of the real causes of Bali bombings. The Establishment press, most of it owned or controlled by Rupert Murdoch and keen on promoting its own interests had presented a blanket view in its Bali reports. For example, the Australian mainstream media wants its citizens to believe that the terror attack in the Indonesian island was a sequel to the campaign of hatred against western way of life that was kick-started with September 11 attacks. But this view-point is not accurate. The South East Asia region has a large Muslim population. Indonesia is a thriving centre for Islamic scholarship and practice. But unfortunately, Australia had in the past sided with the oppressive Suharto regime (with the tacit support of the United States and Britain) and had indirectly aided injustice in the past. The Muslims in the region have every reason to feel aggrieved. What Australia needs to do is to keep its intelligence gathering efforts to a minimum and focus its energies on reaching out to its neighbours. A real change in the threat of terror will only come about when economic opportunism and imperialist ambition is replaced with humanitarian concern and noble statesmanship. It is becoming obvious that the best way forward for policy makers in Canberra is to sever

Management Problem in Health Care Essay Example for Free

Management Problem in Health Care Essay Management Problem in Health Care Worldwide health care organizations are faced with problems everyday. Motivation is one of the many management problems in health care organizations today. Health care organizations are always working together to come up with ideas and strategies to make their organizations more successful and better for everyone to work in as well. Problem solving is an on going process in health care organizations, which have been bringing positive results for everyone working in the health care organizations. Motivation is a state of feeling or thinking in which one is energized or aroused to perform a task or engage in a particular behavior. This definition focuses on motivation as an emotional or cognitive state that is independent of action. This focus clearly distinguishes motivation from the performance of a task and its consequences. Notice, too, that motivation can be a state of either feeling or thinking, or a combination of the two. For some individuals, motivation is more a matter of feeling than thinking, while, for others, the reverse is true (Shortell Kaluzny, 2006). Motivating the people who are working under management can be a difficult task at times. Everyone is unique, none of us are the exact same and each person needs something different to become motivated and that is where the challenge comes in for the managers, finding the right motivator for the right employee. Knowing and caring about the employees needs, will help managers know what type of rewards to offer as a way to motivate their employees. Management Problem 3 The success of any organization, especially health care organizations solely depends on the skills of managers and how they present the work environment for their employees. When employees are motivated they tend to be more satisfied with their jobs and will stay with the organization much longer as a result of their satisfaction. According to a recent survey from the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society offers some ideas on how to keep them happy. First, pay a decent salary, that came through loud and clear in the survey, says Linda Hodges, executive vice president of search firm Hersher Associates, which conducted the survey with HIMSS. Salary was identified by the surveys 361 respondents as one of the main factors they use to evaluate job satisfaction or a job offer. Forty percent of those surveyed said they dont believe they are paid market value (Greene, 2002). According to Lynn, if your program examination indicates that you have done everything right but the results were not there, it is time to talk with people one-on-one. Ask each employee why the program did not have the impact you were looking for. They may have been trying as hard as they could, but only delivering a marginal performance. It is possible they are battling obstacles you cannot see. To find out what is getting in their way, ask them how you can help them improve (Lynn, 2001). Asking these questions are important when it comes to keeping your employees involved in everything, always getting their opinions on how they think it should be done and work together as a team to come up with the best solutions. This is what a good manager is made of, including his employees in everything that has to do with the job. Management Problem 4 Maslows theory was unique because he believed that each person had five needs and each need had to be met before they could go on to the next need. As the process went on, each old need lost motivational value as the new need was met. According to Shortell and Kaluzny, Maslows hierarchy of needs assumes there are five need levels that must be satisfied sequentially. 1. The physiological needs, these needs include things like air, water, food, warmth, shelter, and sex, the basic survival needs. 2. The security needs include a secure physical and emotional environment, examples include the need to be free from worry about money and job security. 3. Belongingness needs involve social processes, they include the need for love and affection and the need to be accepted by ones peers. 4. Esteem needs are actually composed of two different set of needs: the need for a positive self-image or self-respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. 5. Self-actualization needs, at the top of the hierarchy, involve realizing ones potential for continued growth and individual development (Shortell ; Kaluzny, 2006). Although, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory seems too simple for the human body, which is very complex, this is the perfect theory of motivation for us. This theory touches every aspect of our lives and how one feels about themselves and their surroundings. People who are in management positions will be wise to use this theory when it comes to motivating their employees, in any industry health care or otherwise. It does not matter which theory you think may be best to follow, interesting work and employee pay are the two biggest motivators. Management Problem 5 After identifying the motivation problems with the employees, managers need to start right away working on a plan to overcome these problems. They can start with talking with each individual employee and ask them questions. Making the employees feel like they have a part in finding the solution is a big part in motivation too. Everyone needs to feel like they are helping in some way or another. In conclusion, even though motivating your employees is a difficult task, it must be done in order to keep them happy and to keep things running smoothly. Keeping your employees happy can only bring success to their organization. The employees will love doing their jobs and they will do them well, they will come to work everyday and this will result in a cost effective organization, because the turnover rates will be less in each organization and the organizations will not have to worry about training new employees.

The world during rizal time Essay Example for Free

The world during rizal time Essay The purpose of this regulation is to specify the principles for actions of the board of directors, the basic rules of its organisation and functioning and the rules of conduct for its members. The regulation seeks to achieve the greatest transparency, effectiveness, motivation, supervision and control regarding the boards functions of management and representation of the corporate interests, in accordance with the principles and recommendations regarding corporate governance of listed companies. Download Internal Rules of Conduct in the Securities Market These rules of conduct for securities market activities (hereinafter, the Rules) have been approved pursuant to article 80. 2 of Law 24/1988 of 28 July on the Securities Market. In compliance with the provisions of said Law, these Rules will be sent to the National Securities Market Commission (hereinafter, CNMW)

An Overview of Neo Colonialism

An Overview of Neo Colonialism What is Neo-colonialism? Discuss with reference to specific examples. Neo-colonialism is the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means. The term neo-colonialism was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to places where the power of developed countries was used to produce a colonial -like exploitation-for instance, in Latin America, where direct foreign rule had ended in the early 19th century. (halperin, n.d.) When the Queen of Britain felt that her duty her duty is to extend the model of government and culture to other parts of the world. Hence, she started neo-colonizing while exploited the resources of all such colonies. This happened primarily not with the white colonies. These were usually self-governed colonies with large number of settlers. The main problem makers or rebellions were only brown colonies which were dealt with a divide and rule policy together with a string of home treaties with sociable splinter groups who had their hidden interest involved to gain much from continued British Rule; like the Indian maharajas. Examples of neo-colonialism have been studied in most corners of the world since the end of the Second World War. In fact, its difficult to find a place that scholars do not claim has been subject to cultural imperialism of some sort since 1945. From Egypt to Belize to India to Britain to the United States of Americaall of these countries have observed some sort of influence over their culture from another country (Reid 57; Everitt 42; Altbach 902; Cooper and Cooper 61). This is hardly a surprise; after all, globalization is no secret. Cultural imperialism and hegemony, however, are not concepts that can be described so simply as globalization. Neo-colonialism, the modern colonialism, has emerged as an influential force; used by powerful countries for a variety of reasons, it is continually shaping not only individual cultures, but the global culture. There are two terms that most completely bring out the subtleties of neo-colonialism: cultural imperialism and cultural hegemony. Cultural imperialism is best summarized as the way that certain cultural products have attained a position of dominance in a foreign culture through a process of coercive imposition, usually through their ties to political or economic power (Dunch 302). While imperialism is characteristically determined by military control, this is definitely not the case with cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism also differs slightly from the idea of cultural hegemony, which is an aspect of Marxist philosophy that calls attention to the promotion of one culture over another with the objective of that the ruling class worldview becomes the norm. This cultural assimilation is particularly useful in that it creates a situation ripe with potential for the economic benefit of the ruling class. By persuading the subordinate group that the profits from agreement outweigh the losses of not working together, the ruling culture is able to maintain their superior status (Schultz 275). It is the intertwin ing and collective definition of these related concepts -cultural imperialism and cultural hegemony that paint the ultimate picture of neo-colonialism and cross-cultural promotion in the interests of one country, often at the expense of another. It exists the power exercising control is often the State which formerly ruled the territory in question, but this is not necessarily so. For example, in the case of South Vietnam the former imperial power was France, but neo-colonial control of the State has now gone to the United States. It is possible that neo-colonial control may be exercised by a consortium of financial interests which are not specifically identifiable with any particular State. The control of the Congo by great international financial concerns is a case in point.The means by which a country may impose an unequal cultural relationship on another are wide ranging, but economics is by far the most common tool used in neo-colonialism (Petra 139). By providing monetary support and forming economic partnerships, the financial institutions, governments, and particularly the multinational corporations of the colonizing power ingratiate themselves to their subjects and integrate them into their own capitalist system. Th ere are two particular concepts that deeper explore this culturally hegemonic relationship. One is another Marxist theory, complimentary to cultural hegemony, which is understood as dependency theory. This theory declares that by the penetration of multinational corporations, economic sanctions, partnerships, and the like, developed countries intentionally foster and enforce a culture within developing countries that is economically dependent on their own. Dependency theory contends that the weaker nation is further impoverished to the benefit of the stronger country due to the subsequent capitalist use of the weaker countrys resources and labour. This practice continues because of the strong hegemony of the colonizing power. A concept that is similar, yet more functionalist than dependency theory is the world systems theory. This theory says that the world is divided into segments of a powerful core, a moderate semi-periphery, and weak periphery nations. The three categories of nat ions each engage in neo-colonialism with varying degrees of success on the other two kinds of nations. Essentially, world systems theory explains how the core can dominate and take control of the resources and labour supplied by the periphery for a profit. Just as in dependency theory, the core benefits because of these mechanics. Dissimilar to dependency theory, however, the peripherys marginal benefits are acknowledged since they are provided with some economic gain. World systems theory can definitely be extended to the broader methods of neo-colonialism if we think of the cultures of the core and periphery in the same way we would otherwise think of their economies. In the present era, we can also look to two key case studies of neo-colonialism: Sino-African relations and The United States of America as an economic power. To this day, more than one million Chinese are African residents, and Chinese investment in Africa exceeds 40 billion dollars. They have spread their money and culture throughout the continent, and are now trading in excess of 166 billion dollars per year with Africa; securing 50 billion in minerals. Africa receives goods in return, and most of these goods support further resource extraction and industrial development. While this relationship was once seen as quite exploitive, views are changing as China fosters goodwill in these nations with more equitable agreements (Africa and China). Similar Chinese examples of economic neo-colonialism have been identified all over the world, from Canada to Ecuador (Kay; Scheneyer and Perez). The United States of America is another core country that is heavily invested in neo-colonial pursuits. One of the most astute concepts that illustrates the worldwide flow of American culture by mostly economic means is called Coca-Colonization. This concept calls attention to Coca-Colas global pervasiveness as a symbol for the Americanization of nearly every corner of the earth (Kuisel 98). Through huge multinational corporations such as Coca-Cola, American values and culture have been strongly infused all over the world. As one of the most influential countries in the world, there are certainly many other tools that America uses to engage in neo-colonialism, (including many of the ones already mentioned), but economics and multi-national corporations are by far the most commonly referenced (Petras 2070). These historical examples, and others like them, provide a solid basis for examining the exact motivations that nations might have for their neo-colonial pursuits. This is because they show how core countries have benefitted from the cultural assimilation of the periphery, and identifying these benefits then exposes their motivations. Indeed, there are inherent economic benefits for powerful nations to realize as a result of their cultural imperialism: core countries can expand their business to the nations theyve culturally assimilated and also make use of the low-cost resources and labour that they are able to obtain from the periphery. Often times, the subordinate culture becomes dependent (as described by dependency theory) on these foreign operations within their own borders; they rely on outside multinationals for jobs and goods. Because of this dependency, the core is able to set low wages and prices for raw goods and operate at a high profit. As such, these practices pay off financially for the multinational corporations and (by the extension of taxes) the governments of the colonizing power. It can be concluded that the substantial fin ancial gain to be had as a result of neo-colonialism is definitely a motivating factor. While financial profit is one of the most straightforward ways that a nation can benefit from neo-colonialism, there are more motivations that might cause a country to engage in these pursuits. One of these is national security. Just as in the Cold War, nations have an interest in fostering goodwill and dependence in other parts of the world; creating allies and dependent states that would not go to war against them, or support them in the event of the war. Another motivating factor is to acquire resources. As the worlds population multiplies, valuable resources are being stretched thin. Growing countries such as China and India need to secure access to fuel and food to provide for their citizens, and neo-colonialism has been shown to allow them the influence to negotiate access to these resources. Diplomatic power also seems to be a reason to engage in neo-colonialism; countries that have similar cultures are likely to agree and vote identically on international issues. Even if they dont agree, countries that are dependent on another nation may feel obligated to act in the wishes of their neo-colonizer, as a derogatively titled puppet state. The new face of colonialism has shown itself in a wide variety of places around the world, and we can see that countries have benefited in various ways; exposing their motivations. It is also important to look at future implications should these activities continue. Cultural homogenization (most commonly referred to as globalization) is perhaps the most powerful force affecting the global landscape today. For instance, estimates include a ninety percent reduction in the number of languages spoken around the world by the year 2100 while others clearly show that the number of speakers will be highly concentrated in a handful of languages by this time (Ryan; Graddol 27). Global trends such as these are directly related to the practice of neo-colonialism. While the future prevalence of some languages is due to rising populations, it is no surprise that the languages at the top of these lists also have homelands that are known for engaging in neo-colonialism in the past and present. So, while the term globalization seems to indicate that the result is a diverse global culture, the reality is that this ongoing homogenization of ethos is more composed of the cultures that are most aggressive in neo-colonial pursuits. The core nations culturally imperialistic practices reduce the influence of other cultures and strengthen the influence of their own, indeed leading to a global culture that is more comprised of the core than the periphery. If neo-colonialism continues to be practiced, then the current situation of nations can be expected to expand. Many will be quick to point out that the periphery nations benefit in the same way as the core; that they would be a lot worse off should they limit their relationship with the core, and that their loss of culture is not all that significant (Bowen 179). Still more point out that these benefits are marginal, and require that the periphery countries submit to the exploitive objectives of the core pointing primarily to the issue of human rights, they contend that the wages received and benefits incurred (cultural or otherwise) are not nearly enough to compensate for the capitulated resources, labour, autonomy and culture; especially when considering the relative profits of the core (Koshy 26). Most agree that relatively small cultures will eventually be washed out by the cultures of the most powerful nations; that human rights issues must continue to be questioned. If neo-colonialism continues to perpetuate itself in this way, there is little hope that conditions will change for these nationsthe core will remain at the core, and the periphery and semi-periphery will struggle to flourish. This school of thought is quite large, and has given most of the terms already discussed an overwhelmingly negative connotation. However, as already mentioned in the case of Sino-African relations, the core is beginning to realize their own dependency on the periphery which is slowly improving these human rights conditionsthough the general cultural assimilation remains. The modern colonialism benefits countries that spread their culture throughout the world. The tools employed by those countries to this end are varied, ranging from economics to education. As beneficiaries of the financial, military, diplomatic, and resource stability that comes from having nations culturally assimilated to them, there seems to be no reason for powerful core nations to cease in their neo-colonial activities. Illustrated by concepts such as dependency theory, world systems theory, and Coca-Colonization, the forces of cultural imperialism and cultural hegemony are contributing to the globalized world in a way that favours the most powerful of nationsfor better or for worse.

The Biogeography of the Dolphinfish :: Coryphaena Hippurus Animals Essays

The Biogeography of the Dolphinfish Description of Species Dolphinfish are compressed, elongated fish with a large mouth and many fine teeth. They have a long dorsal fin that stretches from their nape to a forked tail. The anal fin is also long, extending from mid-body to their forked tail. Males have a bony crest on the head that is not present in females. These colorful fish exhibit hues of gold on the sides, iridescent blues and greens on the sides and backs, and white and yellow underneath. The average size of the mature dolphinfish is between 1.5 - 3 ft. and weighs 15 - 30 lbs. Males are generally heavier than females regardless of length (Palko et al. 1982). The largest fish ever recorded was an 87 lb. fish caught off the coast of Costa Rica. Studies of sex ratios are inconclusive in regards to the distribution of males and females worldwide (Palko et al. 1982). Habitat Coryphaena hippurus is a pelagic fish that inhabits tropical and sub-tropical oceans worldwide. This cosmopolitan saltwater fish prefers water above 70 degrees F. (McClane 1974), and therefore, temperature determines the range for this species. The dolphinfish inhabits open waters near the edges of the continental shelves in tropical and sub-tropical environments (Palko et al. 1982). Vertical distribution in the ocean ranges from the surface to approximately 90 feet underwater (Palko et al. 1982). They are commonly found loitering near objects floating in water that may harbor prey species. These objects can be as substantial as large clumps of Sargassum weed, and insignificant as small streams of sea foam. Not much is known about the migration patterns of this fish, but it has been hypothesized that they follow seasonal fluctuations in water temperature in search of more productive food sources (Palko et al. 1982). Natural History Dolphinfish are migratory fish that travel in schools known as pods. The size of these schools is usually determined by size or sex. Young female dolphinfish tend to congregate near Sargassum patties while the young males usually seek the company of older males and females in the open ocean (Palko et al. 1982). Additionally, larger fish travel in smaller pods. Research concerning migration has provided little information about what determines the movements of dolphinfish.

Dialysis Encephalopathy: A Complication of Chronic Renal Failure Essay

Dialysis Encephalopathy: A Complication of Chronic Renal Failure The neurological problems that patients with chronic renal failure face are relatively new to the medical world. Although dialysis was technically feasible in the 1940’s, it has only been since 1960 that techniques and equipment have been developed to make long term dialysis available as a practical treatment for end stage renal failure. Further, it has only been since 1973 when Medicare legislation was amended to include patients with chronic renal failure; and the expansion of hospital dialysis services in addition to the emergence of private outpatient hemodialysis clinics, that hemodialysis has become available for the vast majority with end stage renal failure. By increasing services to many more patients, our experience with the problems associated with long term dialysis has grown. All body systems, including the central and peripheral nervous system, are affected by chronic renal failure and its treatment. We have developed an understanding of the long term effects of chronic hemodialysis and the physiological effects are still being studied, but some of the long term complications of chronic renal failure are still unknown. The neurological problems encountered in patients with chronic renal failure may be acute, such as dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is caused by abrupt changes in the osmotic pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid during dialysis. Chronic complications, such as uremic peripheral neuropathy and dialysis encephalopathy, also known as dialysis dementia, are also well documented. This paper will focus on one of those neurological complications of chronic renal failure namely dialysis encephalopathy. .. ...imental Aluminum Encephalopathy. Acta. Neuropathol., 50:19-24, 1980. 6. Asbury, A. K., McKhann, G., Mc Donald, D. Diseases of the Nervous System. Vol. 2, W. B. Saunders Company: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich ,Philadelphia, 1992. 7. Nissenson, A. R., Fine, R. N., Gentile, D. E. Dialysis in Chronic Renal Failure. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, Connecticut, 1984. 8. Knochel, J. P. and Eknoyan, G. (Edt.) The Systemic Consequences of Renal Failure. Grune and Stratton, Inc. New York, 1984. 9. Geary, D. F. et. al. Encephalopathy in Children with Chronic Renal Failure. Journal of Pediatrics, 96: 41-44, 1980. 10.Rosati, G., De Bastiani, P., Gilli, P., and Paolino, E. Oral Aluminum and Neuropsychological Functioning. J. Neurol., 223: 251-7, 1980. 11.De Broe, M. E. and Coburn, J. W. Aluminum and Renal Failure. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 1990. Dialysis Encephalopathy: A Complication of Chronic Renal Failure Essay Dialysis Encephalopathy: A Complication of Chronic Renal Failure The neurological problems that patients with chronic renal failure face are relatively new to the medical world. Although dialysis was technically feasible in the 1940’s, it has only been since 1960 that techniques and equipment have been developed to make long term dialysis available as a practical treatment for end stage renal failure. Further, it has only been since 1973 when Medicare legislation was amended to include patients with chronic renal failure; and the expansion of hospital dialysis services in addition to the emergence of private outpatient hemodialysis clinics, that hemodialysis has become available for the vast majority with end stage renal failure. By increasing services to many more patients, our experience with the problems associated with long term dialysis has grown. All body systems, including the central and peripheral nervous system, are affected by chronic renal failure and its treatment. We have developed an understanding of the long term effects of chronic hemodialysis and the physiological effects are still being studied, but some of the long term complications of chronic renal failure are still unknown. The neurological problems encountered in patients with chronic renal failure may be acute, such as dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is caused by abrupt changes in the osmotic pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid during dialysis. Chronic complications, such as uremic peripheral neuropathy and dialysis encephalopathy, also known as dialysis dementia, are also well documented. This paper will focus on one of those neurological complications of chronic renal failure namely dialysis encephalopathy. .. ...imental Aluminum Encephalopathy. Acta. Neuropathol., 50:19-24, 1980. 6. Asbury, A. K., McKhann, G., Mc Donald, D. Diseases of the Nervous System. Vol. 2, W. B. Saunders Company: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich ,Philadelphia, 1992. 7. Nissenson, A. R., Fine, R. N., Gentile, D. E. Dialysis in Chronic Renal Failure. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, Connecticut, 1984. 8. Knochel, J. P. and Eknoyan, G. (Edt.) The Systemic Consequences of Renal Failure. Grune and Stratton, Inc. New York, 1984. 9. Geary, D. F. et. al. Encephalopathy in Children with Chronic Renal Failure. Journal of Pediatrics, 96: 41-44, 1980. 10.Rosati, G., De Bastiani, P., Gilli, P., and Paolino, E. Oral Aluminum and Neuropsychological Functioning. J. Neurol., 223: 251-7, 1980. 11.De Broe, M. E. and Coburn, J. W. Aluminum and Renal Failure. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 1990.

St John The Evangelist :: essays research papers

Throughout the human history there have been many saints who have lived among us. They followed Jesus’ principles and they did God’s will. One of the earliest saints was St. John, and he lived during the times of Jesus. His childhood and his date of birth are unknown, but it is well known that he was one of the best followers and students of Jesus. St. John was the son of Zebedee, and the brother of St. James the Great with whom he was brought up to the trade of fishing. While Jesus was spreading his teachings and his miracles St. John entered public ministry. Then in his first year of public ministry our Lord called him to be an Apostle. He was called to be an Apostle with his brother, as they were mending their nets on the sea of Galilee. St. John was the youngest of all the apostles, and outlived the others. It is hard to list in details, all the challenges that St. John faced. His challenges were truly followed by God’s will and helped many people. St. John was one of the first ones who understood and studied how a person should live, how should he behave, and how moral his life should be. He was one of the first to follow those holy principles, and show them to others. One of his greatest challenges was writing a gospel. St. John the Evangelist is mostly known for writing a fourth Gospel. If you would ask any person to list his challenges almost everybody would tell you that he wrote a gospel. It is believed that he wrote a Gospel at the year of 96, after the death of Domitian. His object in writing it he tells us himself: â€Å"These things are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that, believing, you may have life in His name.† In order to write a Gospel you have to be truly involved in holy life by yourself. St. John went threw Jesus’ teachings and he opened himself to Jesus. All of his life he spent by expressing love to others and by implementing Jesus principles. Thus before writing a Gospel, St. John experienced it all on himself. He also wrote three epistles. The first is called catholic, as addressed to all Christians, especially his converts. The other two are short, and directed to particular persons, to Gaius and to local church.

Companion Animal Behavior and Training Module

In the case study, a young adult male cat, neutered and aged between four and five years old, undergoes extreme modifications in behavior in response to the birth of a newborn child to the owner-couple. The domestic short-hair lives in a single-cat household and prior to the birth of the first baby and the baby’s subsequently learning to crawl, the cat made appropriate use of 24-hour outside access, toileting outside in an acceptable fashion.Since the baby in the household learnt to crawl, the cat has started unrinating in the upstairs area of the house and squatting in various different locations.The cat also began grooming excessively. Based on this case study information, several determinations can be made about the causal factors relating to the behavioral issues displayed by the cat. For obvious reasons relating to the general health of the household, the cat’s behavior poses several hazards. One principle explanation for the behavior change, however, is the presen ce of the first child and the cat’s perception of the child, now mobile and a perceived presence from the cat’s perspective, as a treat to the cat’s perceived territory in the house.The explanation for the behavioral issues rests upon the fact that cats sometimes undertake urine spraying or urine marking because of territorial disputes, during aggressive conflicts, and even during sexual encounters. The spray produced is pungent and designed to ward off potential predators or competitors. In the case study, the cat clearly fields that the child, crawling and thereby presenting what must be a visible threat to the cat, is a predator or a threat of some general kind to the cat’s domination of the household, his territory.The objective of marking the territory is to establish its boundaries and ward off the child. It is classic cat behavior to advertise their presence in a territory by spraying visually conspicuous sites. Since cats naturally look to â€Å" time share† territories, marks enable the cats to space themselves out and prevent unwanted encounters. Cats can identify the urine marks so track can be kept of their neighbours (Hart, 1980a). Spraying serves to bring the male and female together during the breeding season. It is often done at a height convenient for sniffing (Beaver, 1992).Cats that spray urine inside their homes are classically prevented from doing so by neutering. Since the cat in the case study is already neutered, other measures must be undertake to curb the behavior. Most often, spraying is undertaken by reproductively intact males. Females spray as well, but less rarely. In one study conducted by the ASPCA, 77 percent of cats stopped or significantly reduced spraying within six months. Ten percent of male cats neutered before 10 months of age will still spray as adults. In households with numerous cats, at least one cat will likely spray, even if all the cats are neutered (ASPCA, 2007).Cats can become jealous upon the arrival of a new baby and this is particularly since the presence of a new child leaves the parents, the cat’s owners, exhausted and turmoil of a new baby, the cat is often neglected. This creates and exacerbates resentment about the presence of the child. Of course, it should not be ruled out that medical problems could be the cause of the cat’s unusual behavior. At the very least, this must be investigated as a potential cause. Medical problems such as diarrhea, urinary bladder inflammation, and the condition polydipsia or polyuria may promote unusual behavior from the cat.The signs of these problems include soft to watery diarrhea, which may indicate a problem in the small intestine, or mucus visible in the stool, along with blood, which suggests an inflamed colon or colitis. Urinary bladder infections may include FUS, bacterial infection, calculi or bladder stones, and tumors. Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, liver disease, ad renal gland disease, pyometra, and hypercalcemia are all possible medical causes for spraying and urinating in the house (ASPCA, 2007).If the baby were not present in the house it would be viable to note that females in heat, male spraying, other cats outdoors, over-crowding indoors, and the possible presence of testicular tissue remaining and producing low level hormones. Overcrowding, unchained litter, interrupted access to liter boxes, a change in litter type, and the presence of objectionable chemicals may be causing the problem. Psychological stress factors such as moving to a new environment or undergoing a change in routine can leave cats of any age bewildered and under considerable psychological stress.Overall, cats are loners and avoid interactions with other cats, except when with a mate, with young, or if several cats belong to the one household. The area traveled during normal activities is known the home range (Beaver, 1992; Bradshaw, 1992; Thorne, 1992). It is much lar ger for males than for females (Bradshaw, 1992) and the range may overlap other animals’ ranges (Thorne, 1992). Studies on free-ranging cats (Fox, 1975), showed that cats have a home territory and a home range that consists of places for resting, sunbathing and watching. A network of paths connects places and people may visit them regularly.Cats have an order of dominance in a neighborhood, which depends on time and place. If a low-ranking cat has already entered a narrow passageway and a high-ranking cat enters, the less dominant animal will sit and wait until the way is clear. Cats go to great lengths to avoid meeting another cat on a pathway, and chance face-to-face encounters lead to fighting and chasing and the development of a dominant–subordinate relationship. Subordinate males are pushed around in a dominant male’s home range. They essentially become nomads (Liberg, 1981, cited in Thorne, 1992).If a group of cats is maintained in colony pens, they need t o be provided with shelves so they can ‘own’ one and retreat there from other cats (Hart, 1980). The cats work out an arrangement where certain ones use the floor at different times to others. Rubbing may help reinforce social positions, with subordinate individuals generally rubbing more dominant conspecifics (Macdonald, Apps, Carr and Kerby, 1987). The socialization period is the time when all primary social bonds are formed and is the most important period during the cat’s life (Beaver, 1992).Active social con tact with more than one adult cat at some crucial development stage is necessary for an adult cat to adapt later to social living conditions (Bradshaw, 1992). Given this, the lack of socialization with a new infant introduced to a household is going to cause problems and, after official confirmation that there are no medical explanations for the cat’s unusual behavior, the likely best response will involve heavy bonding efforts to help the cat ove rcome feelings of displacement, in addition to efforts to help the cat to perceive the baby as a non-threat to its territory.SECTION B: To modify the behavior of the cat in the case study, several steps need to be undertaken to ensure that the cause of the problem is properly assessed and to assure that the problem does become resolved as quickly and as efficiently as possible. The first step in the behavioral modification process will be to identify the reasons that they cat is spraying. Presumably, the new baby is the issue, however, it is necessary as a precautionary measure at least to have the cat subjected to a physical examination by a qualified vet.Physical problems can lead to inappropriate urination and spraying and should at least be ruled out before any psychological issues are investigated. To assess the psychological state of the cats it is quite important to begin by discouraging other cats from hanging around outside the home, if there are any signs that cats are doi ng this. Ideally, one of the various types of commercially available motion-activated devices, such as the Critter Gitterâ„ ¢, the Scarecrowâ„ ¢, or the Scraminalâ„ ¢, serve the function to frighten outdoor cats away.The Scat Matâ„ ¢ and the Sofa Saverâ„ ¢ can be used to keep outdoor cats away from doors and windows if there is evidence that other cats are coming this close to the house (ASPCA, 2007). Although it is not likely that this type of territorial issue is in play in the case study, the cat’s owners would to well to investigate and rule out the possibility. Multiple factors could easily be in play since the cat’s behavior is altered so drastically and since there is evidence that it is only since the new baby began crawling that the cat’s urination and spraying have been a problem.If the cat is spraying in several locations, areas should be made less appealing. Commercially available are such deterrent systems as Ssscatâ„ ¢ may be used and the cat’s owners might also try establishing a different behavioral pattern in the sprayed locations by placing items that stimulate behaviors incompatible with spraying, such as the food dish or toys in the appropriate locations. A litter box may also be placed in each location to try to establish the same change in behavioral pattern. The ultimate treatment objective is to revolve the cat’s sense of insecurity in their home environment.Any form of direct punishment is to be avoided. Punishment simply makes the cat feel more insecure. If the cat has singled out one new person to be the target of marking, as in this case, the baby, it is helpful to have the child present and seeming to participate in the feeding of the cat as a means of establishing trust for the cat. In general cases, it can also be helpful to have family members use the same soaps, shampoos so as to homogenise the group in terms of smells. This stops the cat from singling out one human being for attention.A behavioral modification campaign along these lines can be supported with the use of anxiolytics, tranquilisers, and pheromonatherapy if little or no progress is seen over time. However, these drugs should be given only in combination with behaviour modification and essentially as a last resort, on advisement of a vet. In the case study example, it is highly likely not only that the threat is correctly identified as the new baby and that extra attention given to the cat combined with certain modified methods of feeding, for example, involving the young child, the issues surrounding the urination and spraying should quickly be resolved.REFERENCES. American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA]. 2007. Animal Behavior Center: Cat Behavior. http://www. aspca. org/site/PageServer. Beaver, B. V. 1992. Feline Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians. W. B. Saunders Company, Sydney. Bradshaw, J. W. S. 1992. The Behavior of the Domestic Cat. C. A. B International UK. Fo x, M. W. 1974. Understanding Your Cat. N. Y. : Coward McCann (London). Fox, M. W. 1975. The behaviour of cats. In: The Behaviour of Domestic Animals.Ed. E. S. E. Hafez. Bailliere Tindall. Hart, B. L. 1980a. Feline behaviour: A practitioner monograph. Vet. Practice Publishing Co. , California. Liberg, O. 1981. Predation and social behaviour in a population of domestic cats: an evolutionary perspective. Ph. D thesis, University of Lund, Sweden. Macdonald, P. W. , Apps, P. J. , Carr, G. M. and Kerby, C. , 1987. Social dynamics, nursing coalitions and infanticide among farm cats, Felis catus Advances in Ethology 24, 1–66Thorne, 1992

True Friend or Opportunist?

The most vulnerable time to take advantage of your friend is when he is lost. As a friend, would you take advantage of his weakness and abuse it? In the play, the Tragedy of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, a character named Markus Antagonist abuses the power of his friend after his friend's death. Mark Antonym may be a loyal friend; however, he makes his actions questionable. As a loyal friend, Mark Antonym plans to search for revenge with the help from Octavo's Caesar and stepped up to save Rome for Caesar.Antonym steps into the cane right after the moment Caesar gets killed. He sees the conspirators with their swords and bloody hands. Antonym gets this clever thought of pretending to be on the same side as then. Once he's all alone with Career's dead body, he speaks truthfully. On act 3, scene 1, he says, † All pity choked with custom of fell deeds; And Career's spirit, ranging for revenge†¦ † His speech shows how much hatred he has with the men and hints wh at he intends to do about the murder. On the other hand, Antonym just might not be the loyal friend he seems to be to the public.He must've had his own intentions. Mark Antonym stirs up the citizens to kill the assassins, Instead of him, and he Is willing to kill his own nephew. Antonym Is not exactly who he appears to be; when It came to giving up on his nephew, he did not hesitate. In the scene where Antonym, Octavo's, and Lipid's discusses over a list of their enemies of who must be killed, Antonym reveals his heartless side by saying,† He shall not live. Look, with a spot I damn him. † As a demonstrative person as he, this hidden personality Is a surprise. These proofs make him a ruthless opportunist.Mark Antonym may seem one way to the public, but personally some of his actions show another. After the death of Caesar, Antonym quickly revealed his hidden side that showed him as either a friend or rival. From all of the gathered evidence, about Antonym loyalty to Caes ar, Antonym Is considered as an opportunist over a loyal friend because he showed that he was marking his sport on the throne, waiting for his chance to make a move for It. Although Mark Antonym may seem a little selfish, he Is a pretty clever man. He can be seen as a loyal friend or ruthless opportunist.It all depends on your perspective. By Catherine-Cocoon just might not be the loyal friend he seems to be to the public. He must've had his Mark Antonym stirs up the citizens to kill the assassins, instead of him, and he is willing to kill his own nephew. Antonym is not exactly who he appears to be; when it damn him. † As a demonstrative person as he, this hidden personality is a surprise. Antonym's loyalty to Caesar, Antonym is considered as an opportunist over a loyal friend chance to make a move for it.

History of Management

Without any doubt, the question of work, roles and skills of a manager gets a mixed response. Some believe that these features are the shared by managers all over the world, while others maintain that there are significant differences in management of different countries that have given rise to such a notion and a process as the intercultural management. Which one of the above-stated arguments has an element of truth and could they be both regarded as authentic?First of all it cannot be denied that the science of management has a long history and perhaps all modern mangers employ principles and theories that have been introduced earlier. To start with, it was the Industrial Revolution that established big business and created the need for professional leaders. Furthermore, years of military and church rule added management models and terminology that are widely used today. Let us only recall Max Weber’s bureaucratic theory or that of Frederic Taylor who is commonly regarded th e Father of Scientific Management and proposed some ways of increasing workers’ productivity.On the basis of his research at Bethlehem Steel Company (Pittsburgh) he drew conclusions that the job can be split into minute parts and its performance can be improved by timing performance of each part separately. Furthermore, he suggested rest periods of special interval and duration and a differential pay scale that can be found in the practice of today’s managers (1). The famous method of overlapping tasks during the period of working day in order to avoid workers becoming tired easily was offered by Henry Gantt and displayed in the form of his ‘the Gantt chart’.Though not all of the managers may know the name of inventor of this tenet, but, for sure, most of them are acquainted with its expression and benefits it can provide. Moreover, it was Gantt who stressed the significance of the leadership and management qualities and skills for creating successful indu strial organizations. The man who is dubbed as the Father of Modern Management is Henri Fayol, a French industrialist who developed a framework for studying management and wrote General and Industrial Management (1).He distinguished five functions of managers, such as: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. As we see, all theorists and pioneers of management theory originated from various countries (England, France, United States, etc. ); however this did not impede the principles they have set out from becoming universal. Times are changing and so are doing the people but some essential things and useful hints are immortal and not subject to ageing. Let us take a closer look into the work of a manager disregard of the geographical location of his working place and language he speaks.Nobody would argue that the better we understand the management role; the better it will be performed and more qualitative services will be provided. Some people wrongly consid er managers to be emotionless and cold fish and claim something like: â€Å"managers see work as something that must be done or tolerated,† â€Å"management focuses attention on procedure,† and â€Å"management sees the world as relatively black and white† (2, 2005:25). Yet, from our point of view, such standpoint is biased and far from being impartial.One should keep in mind that managers are also humans but the best among them have that gift for organizing and feel themselves capable of being at the head of other people and controlling not only their work but their lives in a way. Nevertheless, the manager’s work is not restricted to the above-mentioned issues only. Putting it by words of Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, leadership is just one of the numerous facets of management, â€Å"just one of the many assets a successful manager must possess† (3).Therefore, it would be easier to determine the aim of a manager, which can be expressed as maximizing the output of his company with the help of effective administrative measures. This brings us to the definition of management itself that for short can be rendered as â€Å"the process of attaining organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, controlling, and directing organizational resources† (2). Therefore, any manager must undertake the already mentioned above functions:? organizing ? planning ? commanding ? coordinating ? controlling Note, that leadership is covered by the single function of controlling. Planning comprises development of company strategies and goals. To put it differently, on this stage a manager has to define the direction of his business and some milestones to be taken into account. Moreover, planning involves also defining budget and plans of operation, i. e. methods of achieving previously fixed goals.In brief, on the phase of planning a manager proves to be a good forecaster capable of determining the far-r eaching objectives. The following function and stage is organizing, which means right people on the right working places. In other words, this function presupposes that a manager must objectively consider knowledge and skills of his employees and offer them jobs that are most appropriate. Remarkably that some theorists of management call this function as â€Å"staffing† but to our mind, this notion is an element of organizing.Admittedly that â€Å"given the high levels of discretion enjoyed by knowledge workers, managers' decisions over work distribution, content and resources become more critical for commitment and knowledge creation† (4, 2005:383-424). To sum up, organizing function covers establishing superior/subordinate relationships, as well as determining the scope of staff’s obligations and responsibilities. The ‘controlling’ function means checking that work is carried out in a proper way and funds are spent with regard to their purpose. Th e coordinating function covers training, team building, etc.and refers mainly to work with human resources, but not the production process. It should be added that effective managers should be good communicators and analysts. They should â€Å"have guts† to resist constant stress and be able to operate under unfavorable conditions. Furthermore, managers are responsible for friendly environment within a company, which engages problem-combating, settling conflicts, searching for best solutions, etc. What is more they should be assertive enough to bring forward their ideas and convince the opponents to give preference to their views.Still, that does not mean that all managers should be inborn leaders, whatever. Even more, as J. P. Kotter wrote in his 1991 â€Å"The Best of the Harvard Business Review† article, What Leaders Really Do: â€Å"Leadership is different from management, but not for the reason most people think. Leadership isn't mystical and mysterious. It has n othing to do with having charisma or other exotic personality traits. It's not the province of a chosen few. Nor is leadership necessarily better than management or a replacement for it.Rather, leadership and management are two distinctive and complementary activities. Both are necessary for success in an increasingly complex and volatile business environment† (5, 1991:26). However, in spite of the fact that there are some common features of manager work found in different countries and irrespective of borders, such as the key principles of management in a whole and functions of managers, it has been stated above that managers are the same people. Consequently, their cultural and personal peculiarities are reflected on their work.The former has even given rise to the completely new theory – intercultural management. The most significant factors that have enabled the emergence of this theory are the following: continuous globalization of economy and merge of businesses, establishment of joint ventures, foreign representative offices, etc. As a result, people started to pay more attention to the intercultural diversity of managing styles and traditions along with all-nation values and convictions. Should to go, when in Rome, do as the Romans do, but in order to comply with this rule one should know it.Notably, that in her article in the Financial Times by Elisabeth Marx titled ‘Shock of the alien can sink a merger', for example, it was mentioned that â€Å"Research on cross-border acquisitions has shown that differences in management style (particularly in attitudes towards risk) have a negative effect on company performance. Sadly, very few companies consider the softer, cultural factors of mergers, which may be a significant contributor to their subsequent failures. Far too few companies even begin to consider the effects on staff or the human implication of a merger†.Furthermore, the article goes on to manifest that â€Å"it is easy to end up in a situation where the whole is worth less than the sum of its two parts†. Hence, the reasonable solution here may consist in following the statement and credo: â€Å"Managers' first task is to conduct more extensive business analysis before taking the decision to merge. In addition to carrying out traditional financial and commercial due diligence, they should complete a thorough examination of the cultural compatibility of the parties involved† (6, 2005:2).The same can be applied to all spheres where business is conducted and companies in any country. Yert, the most frequent use of intercultural management tenet is observed within such association as, for instance, international markets, by merging with foreign companies, projects involving multi-cultural teams, international negotiations and so on, and so forth. Other supporting the intercultural management view theories are three well-known analyses of intercultural management by Edward Hall, Geert Hofs tede and Philippe d'Iribarne that illustrate the differences between American and French management styles (7).Citing Edward T. Hall, intercultural differences in communication are based on the context, on time and on space: â€Å"Understanding between people results from the combination of information and its context. Some cultures have a rich context (close links between people, high level of the unspoken/unsaid): these cultures are highly † implicit†; other cultures valuing communication only when it is very clear in itself are said to be † explicit † (7).This can be exemplified by the French dislike of clearing procedures or by their creativity and flexibility, American productivity and utilitarianism etc (8, 2003:1333-1349). To sum up, there are common features that can be found among managers all over the world. Managers employ experience of earlier generations as well as coin modern ones. Today, theorists of management clearly define functions and goa ls of managing work and scope of their responsibilities and obligations. However, on the other hand, it remains disputable wither work of a manager is the same in different countries.Quite to the contrary, the intercultural management theory declares that every nation has its own management style that should be taken into account when conducting international negotiations and making business with foreign countries. The majority of businessmen can no longer escape the necessity to purchase, sell or communicate and work with people from different cultures and thus with different traditions and convictions. And we are strongly sure that our future is multinational one! Bibliography 1. History of Management. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 from: http://ollie. dcccd.edu/mgmt1374/book_contents/1overview/management_history/mgmt_history. htm 2. MANAGERS; PERSONALITY; ENTERPRISES |AU| Welbourne, TM. ; Cavanaugh, M. A. ; Judge, T. A. |AD| U. S. A. ; Cornell University. Centre for Advanced Huma n Resource Studies, IRL School. Ithaca, NY 14653-3901 3. Leader or Manager? Which Are You? Which Should You Be? The Case for Being Well-Rounded by Dick Mooney. Bradford University Journal. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 from: http://www. amputee-coalition. org/communicator/vol3no2pg2. html 4. The difference a manager can make: organizational justice and knowledge worker commitment by Marc Thompson.International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 16, Number 3, March, 2005, pp. 383-404 5. The Best of the Harvard Business Review by J. P. Kotter, 1991. 6. Shock of the alien can sink a merger by Elisabeth Marx. Financial Times, 5 April 2001 7. French management style. Retrieved on December 21, 2005 from: http://www. understandfrance. org/France/Intercultural3. html 8. Comparing business ethics in Russia and the US by Rafik I. Beekun, Yvonne Stedham, Jeanne H. Yamamura, Jamal A. Barghouti. International Journal of Human Resource Management. Volume 14, Number 8 / December 2003